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Surveillance system with nsa

Pourquoi Boris Johnson, le nouveau premier ministre britannique, divise autant. In the course of the summer, the documents forwarded to several of the media by Edward Snowden have contributed to lifting the veil on the extent of the surveillance and espionage carried out by the NSA, the American National Security Agency and its allies. Le Monde has now also had access to these documents. Before the summer, the NSA was the most secret of the American intelligence agencies. All that we knew was that it was responsible for the surveillance of communications with foreign countries and had become a key instrument in the intelligence and security of America after 11 September.

Then came Edward Snowden, today in exile in Russia for one year. At the beginning of June, the first secrets from the NSA contained in these documents began to filter out. The Guardian revealed that the telephone operator, Verizon, provided the NSA with telephone data from several million Americans in virtue of a top secret court order. Then, it was the turn of the Prism programme to be revealed. Since December , this enables the American secret services, and in the first instance the NSA, to have special access to the data of nine major Internet firms, including Google, Facebook or Microsoft.

An internal training manual on Prism, to which Le Monde also had access, explains how using a simple search function, the NSA analysts can search vast databases of Web giants, in search of documents, e-mails or on line chats. This is all within the legal framework of section of the FISA Amendment Act, renewed under Obama, which dispenses the NSA from requesting an individual search warrant and enables a massive collection of data.

The firms referred to by the documents have denied any involvement. Alongside this instrument of targeted surveillance, the Snowden documents also enable us to shed a harsh light on another method of bulk collection by the NSA, known as Upstream. This system takes data directly from submarine cables and Internet infrastructures. The historical proximity of the United Kingdom and the United States, numerous confidential agreements and financial dependency of the secret services in London on those of Washington explain these bonds.

There are also technical reasons. A considerable number of the submarine cables which link Europe to America go through the United Kingdom. The interception by the GCHQ of the flows going under the seas has been made possible by agreements, which are secret, made with the firms managing these cables. All this comes under a law, passed thirteen years ago, which does not prevent British spies from acceding to the data of their fellow citizens and to all the data of the users who go through the bottle neck under the watchful eye of the British.

In a document introducing Tempora, presented by the Guardian, we read: "You are in an enviable position, have fun and get the best out of it. Fairview, for example, is apparently concerned to a large extent with the interception of telephone conversations via the major American operators. According to the Washington Post , on the basis of the Snowden documents, in , million dollars million in were paid, by the United States, to firms managing the cables and Internet infrastructures as compensation for their secret cooperation.

One of the council's main objectives is to ensure fair play through its ethics committee. ARNANO, a French company specialising in microelectronic technology, has created perennial support for microscopic engraving technologies. Microscopic engraving is a technology used for archiving purposes due to the longevity of its results. The method is executed on ultra-resistant wafers made of synthetic sapphire.

The wafers are often no more than mm in diameter with a resolution of 20 nm. All types of information can be recorded on this extremely durable support. Synthetic sapphire can resist fire and acid and remain intact for several millennia. The technology used to produce the disks is called mineral thermolithography. It is based on the thermal exposure of a thin reactive metal film. After the surface preparation, the metal film is fixed on the sapphire disk. Following this, the information is engraved on the wafer with a laser, and the exposed areas are removed.

The production costs around 5, euros per disk. Arnano uses the same technology to create dials for luxury watches, their principal source of income. Wikileaks has multiple servers in Sweden and Iceland to optimise the safety of its data.

In addition, the party provided free bandwidth to assist the organisation with its efforts to increase the transparency and accountability of political establishments internationally. Wikileaks opted to move some of its servers to Pionen, a former civil defence centre built in the White Mountains in the Södermalm Borough, Stockholm. The facility was originally constructed in during the Second World War to protect essential government functions from air raids.

The underground bunker was converted into a data centre by the Swedish broadband provider Banhof in The bunker is buried under a hoard of 30 m of granite, secured by 40 cm thick door, backed up with generators from German submarines, and is only accessible via a single entrance tunnel.

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The kilogram is the only base unit that is still defined by a physical object rather than a physical property that may be reproduced in a laboratory. The IPK is of cylindrical form, with a diameter and height of about 39 mm, and it is made of an alloy of 90 per cent platinum and 10 per cent iridium. Chemical interactions with the atmosphere may cause micro-material losses in the IPK, despite its constitution. The current definition of kilogram is likely to be officially redefined in terms of the Planck constant in The Planck constant h links the amount of energy a photon carries with the frequency of its electromagnetic wave.

The Public Library of Stockholm has more than 2 million volumes and 2. The library is waiting for an extension but the project was put on hold in late after the election of the new city council. The air in the basement of the library is polluted by radon, a radioactive, colourless, and odourless gas, which occurs naturally as an indirect decay product of uranium and thorium. The Royal Library is one of the most prestigious institutions in Belgium.

It has its origins in the fifteenth century, in a unique collection of illuminated manuscripts amassed by Philip the Good, the Duke of Burgundy, from to It was opened to the public in A few years later, the old collections of the City of Brussels were acquired by the new Royal Library. The construction of the new library building was finished in The Royal Library collections now host over 6 million volumes and km of shelves spread over seventeen floors.

The Long Lines Building, a showpiece of Brutalist architecture in Manhattan, hosts a set of large long-distance telephone exchange switches that connect US phone networks with international trans-oceanic lines. The collections date back to the eleventh century and the oldest manuscript is dated around the year During the First World War, an incendiary bomb was hurled onto the roof of the cathedral.

However, thanks to the original design of the cathedral rooms, the brick ceiling contained the fire and hence the documents remained intact. The location of the federal archives was discovered during a special study by the regional Government of Brussels. The reason for the unusual location of the archives goes back to the establishment of the Brussels Agglomeration in , a decentralised administrative public body that assumed jurisdiction over areas, which, elsewhere in Belgium, were exercised by municipalities or provinces.

Nineteen years later, this constitutional revision led to the establishment of the Brussels-Capital Region. During the period of transition, AED found refuge in a hotel room, as no other facilities were readily available. For this same reason, the federal archives were deposited in the bridge piers of E The Mundaneum is a non-profit organisation that guards the legacy of the original Mundaneum archive, established in by the Belgian lawyers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine.

PRISM (programme de surveillance) — Wikipédia

After several relocations, the Mundaneum moved to a converted s department store in Mons, Belgium, where the collections have been housed since The lack of resources led the institution to store their documents in an anarchic way. With the help of public and private investors, the building has been completely renovated and was opened to the public in June It features an extraordinary collection of paintings, drawings, and engravings reproduced from the original Chauvet Cave, closed to the public since its recovery in The construction of the replica began in October and it was opened to the public in The cavern covers 3, m2 of floor surface.

Moreover, km of metal rods were welded to form grids imitating the shapes of the original cave. The replica is enveloped by 8, of geomorphically diverse walls.

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Based on 6, images, sculptors were invited to model the wall surfaces with special mortars.